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Multiple valuations in the SAP Material Ledger: legal, group and profit center views

One pack of stock, three honest values: what each company paid, what the group really spent and what each profit center agreed to charge. Explained for users and for consultants from other modules.

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Overview

What multiple valuation is, if you have never used it

In a group of companies, one company often makes a product and sells it to a sister company, which sells it to customers. The first company charges a price with a margin, so the second one holds stock that already contains a profit. Both sets of books are right, yet the group as a whole has earned nothing until the product leaves the group.

SAP’s answer is to value the same stock and the same goods movements in up to three ways at once: the legal view of each company, the group view without internal profit and the profit center view with internal transfer prices. The Material Ledger is what makes this possible for materials, because it keeps one price per view for every material. This page shows what each view is for, follows one pack through all three, walks the process from Customizing to the reports in SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA, and lists the transactions.

Runs on
  • SAP ECC 6
  • SAP S/4HANA
  • Universal Parallel Accounting
Main transactions8KEMCK11NCKMLCPCKM3N

Use the User | Consultant switch at the top of the page to show or hide the technical layer: Customizing transactions, tables and the settings behind each step.

First, one word

What “transfer price” means in SAP

A transfer price is the price used to value goods moving between units of the same group. SAP Help names three, one per view, and “Transfer Prices” is also what SAP calls the whole function in the menus and in Customizing.

  • Legal transfer priceThe sales price between legally independent companies of the group, shown in their own financial statements and set under each country’s tax rules.
  • Group transfer priceThe cost of goods manufactured with the group’s internal profits taken out: what the goods really cost the group.
  • Profit center transfer priceA managerial price agreed between profit centers, for example a market price or a markup on cost, used to judge each profit center as a business.
Source: SAP Help, transfer pricing concepts

One pack in company 2000, three prices

TypeViewPer 100 packs
10Legal: what company 2000 paid252.00
31Group: what the group spent210.00
32Profit center: the agreed price241.50

The default case of the simulator further down. The 42.00 between legal and group is company 1000’s margin, still inside company 2000’s stock.

This page uses one example

FG-500, a 12-pack of lemon soda cans, made by one company and sold by another

Company 1000 fills it on line 1 at a standard cost of 210.00 per 100 packs, the same product you can follow on the SAP PP and Annual planning pages. It sells 10,000 packs to sales company 2000 at a legal transfer price; the two profit centers have agreed their own internal price; customers pay 300.00 per 100 packs. Numbers are examples only.

Who takes part

Multiple valuation is switched on in Controlling, but every module that moves or values goods takes part.

  • COGeneral controllingThe currency and valuation profile, the CO versions and the activation.
  • CO-PCProduct costingA cost estimate per view; group costing with delta profit.
  • CO-PC-ACTMaterial LedgerA price per view for every material, and actual costs along the chain.
  • FIGeneral ledgerLedgers and currency types; the valuation clearing account.
  • PCAProfit centersTransfer prices between profit centers.
  • SDSalesIntercompany billing with group and profit center conditions.
  • MMPurchasing and inventoryIntercompany orders, stock transfers and goods receipts.
  • GRConsolidationGroup statements fed by margin-free values.
  • TAXTaxThe legal transfer price, under each country’s rules.

The three views

Three views, three questions

The views do not compete: each answers a different question, for a different reader. Legal valuation is always there; group and profit center valuation are optional and can be used alone or together.

  • Legal viewView 0 · types 10, 30

    Each company on its own

    Every company code is valued as a separate legal entity. Sales between sister companies carry the legal transfer price and its markup, and stock bought from a sister company includes that markup. This is the view of the statutory books, the auditors and the tax return.

    Answers: what does each company own and earn?

    Source: SAP PRESS, the Material Ledger and actual costing
  • Group viewView 1 · types 11, 31

    The group as one company

    The whole group is treated as a single company: internal markups are eliminated, so stock and cost of goods sold carry only what the group really spent. Profit appears only when a product is sold outside the group, which is what consolidated statements need.

    Answers: what did the group really spend and earn?

    Source: SAP Learning, describing the Material Ledger
  • Profit center viewView 2 · types 12, 32

    Each profit center as a company

    Profit centers are treated as if they were independent companies, trading at negotiated transfer prices: a market price, or a markup on the group or legal cost. It works between company codes and also inside a single company code, between plants.

    Answers: how is each area of responsibility doing?

    Source: SAP Learning, understanding transfer pricing

Why a group needs more than one value

  • 01

    Consolidation without guesswork

    Stock bought from a sister company contains her profit, and the group may show that profit only when the goods leave the group. Group valuation keeps stock and cost of goods sold without it, so the eliminations come from the system.

    Source: SAP Learning, describing the Material Ledger
  • 02

    Tax prices and real margins

    Each company is taxed on the legal price between companies. Changing that price moves profit between countries but never changes what the group earns; the group view shows the margin that is left.

    Source: SAPinsider, transfer prices for intercompany transfers
  • 03

    Profit centers run as businesses

    Profit center valuation values movements between profit centers at negotiated prices, so a plant and a sales unit can each be judged as if they were independent companies.

    Source: SAP Learning, understanding transfer pricing
  • 04

    Margins along the whole chain

    With values per view on every movement, customer, product and project profitability can be read on any dimension and at each step of the value chain.

    Source: SAP blog, S/4HANA transfer pricing

Try it: one pack, three views

Follow 10,000 packs from company 1000 to the customer

Set the legal transfer price, the price the profit centers agreed and how much company 2000 has sold by month end. Watch where the profit sits in each view. One surprise is built in: whatever legal price you choose, the group’s profit does not move.

Your group this month

Example: legal transfer price 252.00, profit center price 241.50, 6,000 packs sold to customers.

Prices per 100 packs. Same currency in both companies; examples only.

The facts behind it

  • Company 1000 makes FG-500 at 210.00 per 100 packs and ships 10,000 packs, 100 price units, to company 2000.
  • Company 2000 sells to customers at 300.00 per 100 packs. Whatever it has not sold stays in its stock.
  • Profit center 1000 is the filling line, profit center 2000 the sales organisation. Their price is a management decision, not a legal one.
  • Both companies use the same currency here, so every difference you see is valuation, not exchange rates.
Legal viewType 10

What each company books

Price per 100 packs252.00

Margin, company 10004,200.00

Margin, company 20002,880.00

Profit of the two7,080.00

Stock in company 200010,080.00

Internal profit inside that stock1,680.00

Company 1000 earns its markup the day it ships. Its tax return and company 2000’s balance sheet use these numbers.

Group viewType 31

What the group earns

Price per 100 packs210.00

Margin, company 10000.00, eliminated

Margin, company 20005,400.00

Profit of the two5,400.00

Stock in company 20008,400.00

Internal profit inside that stock0.00

The sale between the two companies is a move inside the group. Profit exists only for packs sold to customers.

Profit center viewType 32

What each profit center earns

Price per 100 packs241.50

Margin, profit center 10003,150.00

Margin, profit center 20003,510.00

Profit of the two6,660.00

Stock in company 20009,660.00

Internal profit inside that stock1,260.00

The filling line and the sales unit split the margin at the price they agreed, independent of the tax price.

7,080.00 − 1,680.00 = 5,400.00

Legal profit minus the internal profit still in stock equals the group profit. Company 2000 still holds 4,000 packs, and the 1,680.00 of internal profit inside them is real for company 1000’s books and does not exist for the group. Change the legal price: the split between the companies moves, the group total does not.

The posting in company 2000

Goods receipt and invoice, in every view

The payable is the same in every view, because that is what will be paid. The difference to the stock value goes to the valuation clearing account. Simplified: goods receipt and invoice shown together.

LineType 10 · legalLedger 0L · legalType 31 · groupLedger 4G · groupType 32 · profit centerLedger PC · profit center
Inventory, finished goods BSX25,200.00 Dr21,000.00 Dr24,150.00 Dr
Payable to company 1000 Vendor25,200.00 Cr25,200.00 Cr25,200.00 Cr
Valuation clearing account 8KEN0.004,200.00 Dr1,050.00 Dr

Multi-valuation ledger: one journal entry line carries all three amounts, in currency types 10, 31 and 32 (the ledger also holds 11 and 12). No extra ledger, one close, a smaller memory footprint.

Universal Parallel Accounting: each view is a single-valuation ledger, here SAP’s example ledgers 0L, 4G and PC, with the same accounting principle and fiscal year variant as 0L. On the selling side, intercompany revenue and cost of goods sold are eliminated in the group and profit center ledgers with transaction type TCV.

Simplified for the example: no freight, no taxes, no price differences, standard prices equal to the cost. Sources: SAP Learning, understanding transfer pricing (single- and multi-valuation ledgers); SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches in SAP S/4HANA (payables and receivables only in legal valuation, valuation clearing account); SAP blog, profit center valuation with Universal Parallel Accounting (sample ledgers 0L, 4G and PC).

The process, end to end

Where the three values come from, and where they end up

Ten steps, from the first Customizing decision to the consolidated report. Pick a step to see what happens, how it worked in SAP ECC, how SAP S/4HANA does it and what it hands to the next step. The Consultant view adds what sits under the hood.

Step 1 of 10 · What happens

Decide which views the group needs, and in which currency

Before anything is posted, the group decides which views to keep next to the legal one: group valuation, profit center valuation or both, each in company code currency or group currency. The decision becomes a currency and valuation profile, assigned to the controlling area, so it applies to every company code under it. Legal valuation in company code currency is always part of it.

Who: Group controlling and the CO consultant, with tax and consolidation

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCThe same profile and the same transactions. In ERP, multiple valuation can also be switched on later in a live system, with the procedure in SAP Note 120380.

  • 8KEM
  • 8KEQ
  • Note 120380

S/4HANAClassic SAP S/4HANA still uses the profile, but it cannot be activated later in a productive system that already has data in ACDOCA (SAP Note 2882025). With Universal Parallel Accounting there is no profile: the ledger settings decide the views and currencies.

  • 8KEM
  • 8KEQ
  • FINSC_LEDGER

Under the hood

8KEM defines the profile: each line is a valuation view in a currency, and the result is a currency type such as 10, 31 or 32. 8KEQ assigns it to the controlling area. A profile can be changed only while it is not assigned and not active, and the controlling area needs its All currencies indicator. Activation with 8KEP comes last, after every other setting.

  • 8KEM
  • 8KEQ
  • OKKP
  • 8KEP

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: A list of views and currency types that the ledgers and the Material Ledger must now carry.

Sources: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches/transfer prices in SAP S/4HANA; SAP Community, subsequent activation; SAP blog, profit center valuation with UPA.

Step 2 of 10 · What happens

Give the general ledger a place for every view

Each view needs somewhere to be stored. In the universal journal, multiple valuations are managed like parallel currencies: either all views sit side by side as extra amount columns of one ledger, or each view gets a ledger of its own. Payables and receivables always carry the legal value, because that is what is paid.

Who: FI and CO consultants

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCCompany code currency settings carried the extra currency types, and special purpose ledgers could each manage one view. In classic G/L, group and profit center valuation were possible only in currencies 10 and 30.

  • OB22
  • FI-SL

S/4HANATwo options, chosen per ledger: a multi-valuation ledger, SAP’s default for migrations, with one close and a smaller memory footprint, or parallel single-valuation ledgers with a simpler authorization concept, suited to new installations.

  • FINSC_LEDGER
  • 0L
  • 4G

Under the hood

In FINSC_LEDGER, a multi-valuation ledger has no valuation view assigned and holds the currency types of every view; a single-valuation ledger is assigned one view. ACDOCA needs both the company code and the group currency type of each view, so a group view means 11 and 31 together. The settings appear in FINSC_LEDGER only once a profile is assigned to a controlling area. SAP recommends keeping the views as the second or third local currency, the ones that integrate with other applications.

  • FINSC_LEDGER
  • ACDOCA
  • 8KEN

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: The same views must exist in the Material Ledger: every view managed in accounting must be managed there too.

Sources: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches; SAP Learning, understanding transfer pricing; SAP Help, transfer prices in classic G/L.

Step 3 of 10 · What happens

Let the Material Ledger keep a price for every view

The Material Ledger is what allows one material to sit in stock at three values. Once it carries the views, the Accounting 1 view of the material shows a legal, a group and a profit center price, and every goods movement is valued in all of them.

Who: CO-PC consultant, product cost controller

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCThe Material Ledger was optional, but multiple valuation needed it active in every valuation area involved. Its documents were in tables such as MLIT, MLPP and MLCR.

  • OMX1
  • CKMSTART
  • MLIT

S/4HANAThe Material Ledger is mandatory for inventory valuation and its values are in ACDOCA. Since 1610, MLDOC and MLDOCCCS replace most of the old periodic actual costing tables. Actual costing is still optional.

  • ACDOCA
  • MLDOC
  • MLDOCCCS

Under the hood

OMX2 assigns currency types to a material ledger type, OMX3 assigns the type to plants. For group and profit center valuation, give the ML type the view only in the profile’s currency, 31 rather than 11 as well: SAP Notes 2752721 and 2760935 say 11/31 or 12/32 cannot be processed fully in parallel along the value chain. Prices per currency type are in CKMLCR.

  • OMX2
  • OMX3
  • CKMLCR

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: Three price fields per material, waiting for three cost estimates.

Sources: SAP Help, multiple values for material stocks; SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches; SAPinsider, ML in SAP S/4HANA 1610; SAP PRESS, the Material Ledger and actual costing.

Step 4 of 10 · What happens

Cost the product once for each view

Each view gets its own standard cost estimate, from the same BOM and routing. The legal estimate uses the price paid to the sister company; the group estimate goes down the chain and keeps the sister’s own cost, showing the internal profit as a delta profit; the profit center estimate uses the internal transfer prices. Releasing them writes three standard prices.

Who: Product cost controller

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCGroup costing exists since Release 4.0. Each costing variant is costed and released with CK11N and CK24, or in a costing run.

  • CK11N
  • CK40N
  • CK24

S/4HANAThe same transactions, plus Display Material Value Chain (Estimated Costs), app F4809. Only a group cost estimate shows the complete chain down to every issuing company code and profit center. With UPA, SAP delivers costing variants that point to the group or profit center ledger.

  • CK11N
  • CK40N
  • F4809

Under the hood

The costing type (OKKI) says which view a costing variant (OKKN) costs and can link a partner version. Group costing needs delta profit cost components in the cost component structure (OKTZ), only one per view, and cost elements must not be assigned to them (message KQ351). For the profit center view, set Cost beyond profit center boundaries in the costing variant.

  • OKKI
  • OKKN
  • OKTZ
  • CK11N
  • CK24

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: Standard prices in 10, 31 and 32, ready to value every movement.

Sources: SAP Help, group costing and multiple valuation approaches; SAP Help, costing type; SAP KBA 3616957; SAP PRESS, transfer pricing analysis; SAP blog, profit center valuation with UPA.

Step 5 of 10 · What happens

Teach pricing what each view should charge

Between companies, SD prices the internal billing: the legal price is an ordinary price condition, and the group and profit center values travel with it as statistical conditions. Between profit centers, Profit Center Accounting finds the transfer price with its own pricing: a fixed price, a markup on cost, or a price per material, plant and partner profit center.

Who: SD and CO consultants

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCIntercompany conditions travel from the selling to the buying company code with the billing document, through EDI (SAP Note 31126).

  • VF01
  • V/08
  • Note 31126

S/4HANAThe same pricing in classic S/4HANA; for cross-company transfers between profit centers, prices must be defined in SD for both the legal and the profit center view. With UPA and Advanced Intercompany Sales, EDI is no longer needed to pass the conditions.

  • V/08
  • 8KEZ

Under the hood

In SD, group values use condition category b and profit center values category c, both statistical and with the print flag; RVAA01 is the model pricing procedure. In PCA, 8KEZ holds condition types, pricing procedures and transfer price variants. Variant 000 is always used for actual goods movements; TP0001 (fixed price) and TP0002 (percentage) are delivered.

  • V/06
  • V/08
  • 8KEZ
  • TP0001

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: Every intercompany movement now carries a legal, a group and a profit center value.

Sources: SAP Help, valuation in procurement and sales; SAP Help, transfer price variants; SAP Learning, understanding transfer pricing; SAP blog, profit center valuation with UPA.

Step 6 of 10 · What happens

Company 1000 sells to company 2000

In the legal view the seller books revenue at the transfer price and cost of goods sold at its own cost, so it shows a profit. For the group nothing has been sold: the goods only moved inside it. The group view therefore shows no margin on this sale, and the profit center view shows only the margin the profit centers agreed.

Who: Billing, accountant of the selling company

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCDelivery, goods issue and intercompany billing as usual; the parallel values are additional currency fields of the same documents.

  • VL02N
  • VF01

S/4HANAOne journal entry with the amounts of every view, or one per ledger with UPA. Journal Entry Analyzer (F0956) compares legal, group and profit center results, for several company codes and profit centers side by side.

  • VL02N
  • VF01
  • F0956

Under the hood

Receivables are posted at the legal value in every view; the differences go to the valuation clearing account defined in 8KEN. With UPA, intercompany revenue is posted in full in all ledgers and then eliminated in the group and profit center ledgers of the delivering company, with transaction type TCV.

  • 8KEN
  • VF01
  • TCV

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: The goods reach company 2000, with three values attached.

Sources: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches in SAP S/4HANA; SAP blog, profit center valuation with UPA; SAP PRESS, transfer pricing analysis.

Step 7 of 10 · What happens

Company 2000 puts the goods in stock at three values

The buyer values the stock at what it paid in the legal view, at the seller’s cost in the group view and at the agreed transfer price in the profit center view. The payable is the same in every view; the difference lands on the valuation clearing account. This is where intercompany profit becomes profit in inventory.

Who: Warehouse and accounts payable of the buying company

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCThe intercompany invoice receipt was created from the billing document by EDI, carrying the parallel values (SAP Notes 31126 and 659590).

  • MIGO
  • MIRO

S/4HANAThe same documents. The three values are on one ACDOCA line in a multi-valuation ledger, or on separate ledgers with UPA. Try both in the simulator above.

  • MIGO
  • MIRO
  • ACDOCA

Under the hood

A goods receipt against the intercompany purchase order or stock transport order. The group and profit center values travel with the intercompany billing as conditions; for those two views, SAP Help describes the system taking each view’s current material price from the Material Ledger.

  • ME21N
  • MIGO
  • MIRO

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: The stock is consumed or sold, and each movement carries its three values on.

Sources: SAP Help, valuation in procurement and sales; SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches.

Step 8 of 10 · What happens

Use the goods in production, still in three views

If company 2000 processes the goods further, the components go into the order at their value in each view, and the product is received and the order settled in several views as well. The group view keeps carrying cost without internal profit down the chain.

Who: Production controller

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCSAP Help: with transfer prices, data relevant to cost accounting is updated in the group and profit center views in parallel with the operational view, which is normally the legal one.

  • KKS2
  • KO88

S/4HANAThe same logic. With UPA, settlement and actual costing run per ledger, so a view can even be closed on its own.

  • KO88
  • CO88

Under the hood

Cost Object Controlling updates goods receipts and order settlement in several valuation views. Variances from the group view are not passed to CO-PA. Transfer prices cover goods movements only: activities cannot be valued with multiple valuation approaches.

  • CO11N
  • KKS2
  • KO88

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: At month end, actual costing can roll actual costs along the chain in every view.

Sources: SAP Help, transfer prices in Cost Object Controlling; SAP Help, transfer pricing limitations; SAP blog, Universal Parallel Accounting in SAP S/4HANA.

Step 9 of 10 · What happens

Close the month with actual costs in every view

With actual costing, the Material Ledger rolls price differences up the chain. For the group view to show real group cost, the costing run must see the whole chain: actual costs pass between plants only when both are in the same run. Goods from a plant outside the run keep the sender’s standard price and cost component split.

Who: Cost accountant

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCUntil enhancement package 5 for ERP 6.0, goods from an affiliated company were treated as externally procured in actual costing. The business function LOG_MM_SIT, cross-company code stock transfer and actual costing, closed that gap.

  • CKMLCP
  • LOG_MM_SIT

S/4HANACKMLCP in its simplified SAP S/4HANA form. Display Material Value Chain (Actual Costs), app F4095, follows actual costs back to every company code and profit center, filtered by currency type and valuation view.

  • CKMLCP
  • F4095

Under the hood

Run CKMLCP once for every valuation area that needs multiple valuation. If one group-wide run is not possible, close the organisations separately and run a statistical alternative valuation run (CKMLCPAVR) for the whole group, for reporting.

  • CKMLCP
  • CKMLCPAVR
  • CKMLQS

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: Closed periods with actual stock values and cost of goods sold in every view.

Sources: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches (month end); SAPinsider, actual costs across company codes; SAP PRESS, transfer pricing analysis.

Step 10 of 10 · What happens

Read each view where it is needed

The legal view feeds each company’s statutory books and taxes. The group view gives margin-free stock and cost of goods sold, the starting point for consolidation and for product margins along the chain. The profit center view lets management judge each profit center as if it were a company.

Who: Controllers, consolidation, management

SAP ECC and SAP S/4HANA

ECCMaterial Ledger reports by currency and valuation, costing-based CO-PA valuing external sales from the profit center view, and consolidation in a separate tool.

  • CKM3N
  • KE30

S/4HANAJournal Entry Analyzer and Display Material Value Chain read the views from ACDOCA. With UPA every view is a ledger that can be reported and closed on its own.

  • F0956
  • F4809
  • F4095

Under the hood

CKM3N shows a material in the chosen currency and valuation. The cost of goods sold split can be set for one valuation view or, if none is given, for all. With UPA, the group valuation ledger can be the source of the Group Reporting preparation ledger; Group Reporting also has its own profit in inventory elimination, task 2015.

  • CKM3N
  • F0956
  • F4095

Customizing, tables and the settings behind this step are in the Consultant view.

Hands overTo the next step: Back to the start: next year’s transfer prices and cost estimates.

Sources: SAP Learning, describing the Material Ledger; SAP PRESS, how to split COGS; SAP blog, insights into the value chain; SAP Learning, profit in inventory elimination.

Two architectures, side by side

On the left, multiple valuation as SAP ECC and classic SAP S/4HANA run it: a profile, one multi-valuation ledger and the views as extra currency types. On the right, Universal Parallel Accounting, where every view is a ledger of its own. SAP still recommends the multi-valuation ledger to customers who do not use Universal Parallel Accounting.

Classic: multi-valuation ledger
  1. 8KEMProfile: legal 10, group 31, profit center 32
  2. 8KEQAssigned to the controlling area
  3. FINSC_LEDGEROne ledger, views as extra currency types: 11 with 31, 12 with 32
  4. OMX2Material ledger type with 10, 30, 31 and 32
  5. OKKNA costing variant per view, delta profit in OKTZ
  6. V/08 · 8KEZSD conditions and PCA transfer prices
  7. MIGOOne document, an amount per view
  8. 8KENDifferences on payables and receivables to valuation clearing
  9. CKMLCPOne costing run for the whole chain
  10. CKM3NReports by currency type and valuation
Universal Parallel Accounting: one ledger per view
  1. Business functionFINS_PARALLEL_ACCOUNTING_BF, Universal Parallel Accounting
  2. 0LLegal ledger
  3. 4GGroup valuation ledger, same accounting principle and fiscal year variant as 0L
  4. PCProfit center valuation ledger, from SAP S/4HANA 2023
  5. No profileLedger settings define the views and currencies
  6. CK11N · CK24Costing variants that point to the group or profit center ledger
  7. Advanced ICNo EDI needed to pass the price conditions
  8. TCVIntercompany revenue and COGS eliminated in the delivering company
  9. CKMLCPActual costing per ledger
  10. Group ReportingGroup valuation ledger as a source of the preparation ledger

Sources: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches/transfer prices in SAP S/4HANA; SAP blog, profit center valuation with Universal Parallel Accounting; SAP blog, Universal Parallel Accounting in SAP S/4HANA; Eursap, introducing Universal Parallel Accounting.

Try it: pick the view

Which view answers the question?

Eight questions people really ask about the FG-500 flow. Pick legal, group or profit center for each one.

  1. 01

    At what value does company 2000’s statutory balance sheet show the FG-500 stock?

    Right. Each company’s books, and its taxes, use the price it actually paid the sister company: 252.00 per 100 packs in the default case.

    Not quite: this one is the legal view. Each company’s books, and its taxes, use the price it actually paid the sister company: 252.00 per 100 packs in the default case.

  2. 02

    How much did the group really earn on the 6,000 packs sold to customers?

    Right. Only the group view removes the margin company 1000 made on company 2000: 90.00 per 100 packs, 5,400.00 in all.

    Not quite: this one is the group view. Only the group view removes the margin company 1000 made on company 2000: 90.00 per 100 packs, 5,400.00 in all.

  3. 03

    Is the filling line doing better than last year, at the price it agreed with sales?

    Right. Judging a profit center as if it were a company, at negotiated prices, is what the profit center view is for.

    Not quite: this one is the profit center view. Judging a profit center as if it were a company, at negotiated prices, is what the profit center view is for.

  4. 04

    How much intercompany profit is still sitting in company 2000’s stock?

    Right. It is the gap between the legal value and the group value of that stock, which the group view makes visible without a spreadsheet.

    Not quite: this one is the group view. It is the gap between the legal value and the group value of that stock, which the group view makes visible without a spreadsheet.

  5. 05

    Which amount will company 2000 pay company 1000?

    Right. Payables and receivables are posted only at the legal value, because that is what is paid. The other views send the difference to the valuation clearing account.

    Not quite: this one is the legal view. Payables and receivables are posted only at the legal value, because that is what is paid. The other views send the difference to the valuation clearing account.

  6. 06

    What did the product cost the group, from raw material to the shelf, across three plants in two countries?

    Right. Only a group cost estimate includes the complete value chain, down to every issuing company code and profit center.

    Not quite: this one is the group view. Only a group cost estimate includes the complete value chain, down to every issuing company code and profit center.

  7. 07

    On what should the bonus of the sales profit center’s manager be based?

    Right. Management incentives are set on the internal transfer prices the profit centers agreed, not on the tax price.

    Not quite: this one is the profit center view. Management incentives are set on the internal transfer prices the profit centers agreed, not on the tax price.

  8. 08

    What cost of goods sold does the Brazilian Receita see for the Brazilian company?

    Right. Taxes are calculated on each company’s own books: the legal view, in reais, at the legal transfer price.

    Not quite: this one is the legal view. Taxes are calculated on each company’s own books: the legal view, in reais, at the legal transfer price.

Speak multiple valuation

Currency types, valuation views and the codes behind them

In SAP a currency type says two things at once: which currency and which view. For SAP’s own types the first digit is the currency and the second the view: 0 legal, 1 group, 2 profit center. SAP Learning warns that this is not a rule for currency types in the customer namespace, so always check the definition.

  • 10Company code currency, legalThe statutory view in local currency. Always required.
  • 11Company code currency, groupGroup valuation in local currency, without internal profit.
  • 12Company code currency, profit centerProfit center valuation in local currency, at internal transfer prices.
  • 30Group currency, legalThe legal value translated into group currency. Still contains the internal profit.
  • 31Group currency, group valuationGroup currency minus the intercompany profit: the margin-free group value.
  • 32Group currency, profit centerProfit center valuation in group currency.

Other delivered types follow the same pattern: 20 controlling area currency, 40 hard currency, 50 index-based currency, 60 global company currency, 70 controlling object currency (71 and 72 for its group and profit center views), 80 ledger currency (81, 82). Sources: SAP domain CURTP, as listed by LeanX; SAP Help, transfer prices in FI.

Four valid currency and valuation profiles

ProfileLegalGroupProfit center
11030 → 3110 → 12
21030 → 3130 → 32
31010 → 1110 → 12
41010 → 1130 → 32

Legal valuation in company code currency (10) is mandatory. The group or profit center view can each be kept in 10 or 30, alone or together; the author of the blog doubts that profile 4 makes business sense. Source: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches/transfer prices in SAP S/4HANA.

One ledger for all views, or one per view?

Multi-valuation ledgerSingle-valuation ledgers
StorageExtra amount columns in one ledgerOne ledger per view
ClosingNo separate close per viewSeparate close per view
MemorySmaller footprintMore data
AuthorizationsView chosen in reportingSimpler concept per ledger
Typical useDefault for migrationsNew installations; Universal Parallel Accounting

To use several views in one ledger, assign no valuation view to that ledger. Sources: SAP PRESS, the Material Ledger and actual costing; SAP Learning, understanding transfer pricing; SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches.

11 + 31 · only 31

The rule that trips most projects. In the ledger (FINSC_LEDGER), each view needs both its company code and its group currency type, for example 11 and 31. In the material ledger type (OMX2), assign the view only in the currency of the profile, 31 alone: SAP Notes 2752721 and 2760935 say 11 and 31, or 12 and 32, cannot be processed fully in parallel along the value chain. Source: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches

Red flags

Why is my transfer price not working?

The messages and surprises that show up in projects with multiple valuation. Guess the cause, then open the card to check.

  • KM482Transfer price variant 0 does not exist in the controlling areaShow the answer

    Cause: A posting needs a transfer price and the variant for actual data is missing. The KBA lists transfers such as 301 and 201 in MIGO, MFBF confirmations and CKMLCP.

    What to do: Create transfer price variant 000 in 8KEZ: for actual goods movements SAP always uses variant 000.

    Source: SAP KBA 3520763, KM482 transfer price variant 0
  • KQ351Do not assign cost components to delta profit cost componentsShow the answer

    Cause: Someone tried to assign cost elements to the delta profit cost component in OKTZ.

    What to do: Leave it empty: the delta components are reserved for the difference SAP calculates itself in group or profit center costing.

    Source: SAP KBA 3616957, delta profit cost components
  • MIGOA condition analysis pops up at every goods movementShow the answer

    Cause: The Condition analysis indicator is on in the transfer price variant, so the system shows the analysis for every transaction that determines a transfer price.

    What to do: Switch the indicator off in the transfer price variant in 8KEZ.

    Source: SAP Help, transfer price variants
  • KW00The group value shows up on a customer invoiceShow the answer

    Cause: A condition of category b, meant for intercompany billing, is found in an external billing such as F2.

    What to do: Check the requirement on that step of the pricing procedure; the KBA’s keywords point to requirement routine 022.

    Source: SAP KBA 3523091, KW00 in a customer billing
  • CKMLCPGroup actual cost of a transfer looks like a purchaseShow the answer

    Cause: The sending plant was not in the same costing run. Actual costs pass only between plants closed in the same run; receipts from outside keep the sender’s standard price and cost split.

    What to do: Close all plants of the chain in one run, or add a group-wide alternative valuation run (CKMLCPAVR) for reporting.

    Source: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches/transfer prices in SAP S/4HANA
  • FINSC_LEDGERThe ledger settings show no valuation fieldsShow the answer

    Cause: No currency and valuation profile is assigned to a controlling area yet.

    What to do: Assign the profile with 8KEQ first; then the valuation settings appear in FINSC_LEDGER.

    Source: SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches/transfer prices in SAP S/4HANA
  • CO-PAProduction variances are missing in the group view of profitabilityShow the answer

    Cause: By design: variances from the group view are not transferred into CO-PA.

    What to do: Read group view variances in Cost Object Controlling and the Material Ledger, not in CO-PA.

    Source: SAP Help, transfer prices in Cost Object Controlling
  • 2882025We need group valuation in our live SAP S/4HANA, nowShow the answer

    Cause: Activating multiple valuation in a productive SAP S/4HANA system with data in ACDOCA is not supported.

    What to do: SAP recommends activating it in ERP before the conversion. With UPA, group and profit center valuation are currently for greenfield only.

    Source: SAP Note 2882025, multiple valuation approaches in SAP S/4HANA

Reference

The transactions of multiple valuation, by module and submodule

Customizing, daily transactions, Fiori apps and the tables that hold the values, with the module and submodule each belongs to. The 8KE codes are Controlling’s multiple valuation settings, OMX the Material Ledger, CK product costing. Start here shows the ones worth bookmarking; the last column says where each one runs. Type a code or a word to search all of them.

Code or appModule · submoduleWhat it doesForECC / S/4HANA
8KEMCO · Multiple valuationMaintain the currency and valuation profile: which views, in which currencies.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA, not with UPA
8KEQCO · Multiple valuationAssign the currency and valuation profile to the controlling area.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA, not with UPA
8KENCO · Multiple valuationDefine the valuation clearing account for the differences between views.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
8KEPCO · Multiple valuationCheck and execute the activation of multiple valuation approaches: the last step.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
8KEP_WIZARDCO · Multiple valuationGuided activation of transfer pricing.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
OKKPCO · Controlling areaMaintain the controlling area, where the All currencies indicator is set.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
OKEQCO · VersionsMaintain CO versions; version 0 carries the operational view, the other views their own versions.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
KE30CO · ProfitabilityProfitability reports; costing-based CO-PA can value external sales from the profit center view.UserECC + S/4HANA
FINSC_LEDGERFI · LedgersLedgers and currency types: multi-valuation ledger or single-valuation ledgers; 11 with 31, 12 with 32.ConsultantS/4HANA
OB22FI · CurrenciesAdditional local currencies of a company code in classic G/L, where the extra currency types were set.ConsultantECC
F0956FI · ReportingJournal Entry Analyzer: legal, group and profit center results side by side.Fiori appS/4HANA
ACDOCAFI · Universal journalJournal entry lines with the amounts of every currency type and ledger.TableS/4HANA
OMX1ML · ActivationActivate valuation areas for the Material Ledger; in SAP S/4HANA the ML is always active.ConsultantECC
OMX2ML · CurrenciesAssign currency types to a material ledger type; parallel views in the profile’s currency only.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
OMX3ML · CurrenciesAssign material ledger types to valuation areas.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
CKMSTARTML · Production startupSet valuation areas as productive for the Material Ledger.ConsultantECC
MM03ML · Material masterAccounting 1 shows the legal, group and profit center prices once the ML carries the views.UserECC + S/4HANA
CKM3NML · Price analysisMaterial price analysis in the chosen currency and valuation.UserECC + S/4HANA
CKMLCPML · Actual costingActual costing cockpit: one run for every plant that needs multiple valuation.UserECC + S/4HANA
CKMLCPAVRML · Actual costingAlternative valuation run, for example a group-wide run for reporting.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
CKMLQSML · Actual costingValuated quantity structure of a costing run.UserECC + S/4HANA
CKMVFMML · AnalysisValue flow monitor: differences not distributed or not allocated.UserECC + S/4HANA
F2680ML · ValuationManage Material Valuations: values by ledger, currency type and period; prices changed per ledger.Fiori appS/4HANA
F4095ML · Value chainDisplay Material Value Chain (Actual Costs), filtered by currency type and valuation view.Fiori appS/4HANA
CKMLCRML · PricesPrices and values per period and currency type; still the source of standard price and periodic unit price.TableECC + S/4HANA
CKMLPRML · PricesFuture and previous prices per currency type and valuation view.TableECC + S/4HANA
MLDOCML · Actual costingML document of actual costing since 1610, replacing MLIT, MLPP, MLCR and others.TableS/4HANA
MLDOCCCSML · Actual costingCost component split of ML documents, replacing MLKEPH and CKMLKEPH.TableS/4HANA
MLITML · DocumentsECC ML document items per currency type; content moved to ACDOCA in SAP S/4HANA.TableECC
OKKICO-PC · Costing typeCosting type: which valuation view a costing variant costs, and its partner version.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
OKKNCO-PC · Costing variantCosting variants, one per view; Cost beyond profit center boundaries for the PC view.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
OKTZCO-PC · Cost componentsCost component structure with the delta profit components of group costing.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
CK11NCO-PC · Cost estimateCreate a cost estimate with the costing variant of a view.UserECC + S/4HANA
CK13NCO-PC · Cost estimateDisplay a cost estimate and its cost component split.UserECC + S/4HANA
CK40NCO-PC · Costing runCosting run per costing variant, from costing to release.UserECC + S/4HANA
CK24CO-PC · Price updateMark and release the standard prices of a view.UserECC + S/4HANA
F4809CO-PC · Value chainDisplay Material Value Chain (Estimated Costs), by costing variant.Fiori appS/4HANA
KKS2CO-PC · Cost objectVariances of a production order; group view variances are not passed to CO-PA.UserECC + S/4HANA
KO88CO-PC · Cost objectSettle a production order, in several valuation views.UserECC + S/4HANA
8KEZPCA · Transfer pricesBasic settings for pricing: condition types, pricing procedures, transfer price variants (000 for actuals).ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
8KEAPCA · Transfer pricesCreate condition tables: what a transfer price depends on.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
8KEGPCA · Transfer pricesCreate a price list of transfer prices.UserECC + S/4HANA
0KEKPCA · Account determinationAccounts for internal goods movements between profit centers.ConsultantECC + S/4HANA
V/06SD · PricingCondition types: group value in category b, profit center value in category c.Other modulesECC + S/4HANA
V/08SD · PricingPricing procedures: add the statistical group and profit center conditions (model RVAA01).Other modulesECC + S/4HANA
VL02NSD · ShippingPost goods issue of the delivery to the sister company.Other modulesECC + S/4HANA
VF01SD · BillingIntercompany billing document that carries the values of every view.Other modulesECC + S/4HANA
ME21NMM · PurchasingIntercompany purchase order or stock transport order.Other modulesECC + S/4HANA
MIGOMM · InventoryGoods receipt, valued in every view.Other modulesECC + S/4HANA
MIROMM · InvoiceInvoice receipt; the payable always carries the legal value.Other modulesECC + S/4HANA

Codes cross-checked with SAP Help, SAP blogs and SAP KBAs, SAP PRESS, SAPinsider, the ERPlingo and SE80 transaction lists and LeanX for tables. Projects can hide transactions or rename apps, so check your own system before you write them into a manual.

SAP Notes worth bookmarking

SAP Notes need an SAP for Me login. Number, what it covers, and where this page found it.

  • 2882025Multiple valuation approaches and transfer prices in SAP S/4HANA on-premise: activation, ledgers, restrictions.SAP blog; SAP Community architecture note
  • 120380Subsequent activation of multiple valuation approaches in a running ERP system.SAP Community
  • 2334583Introducing new currencies or currency types in SAP S/4HANA.SAP blog
  • 2752721 · 2760935Why a parallel view belongs in the ML type in one currency only.SAP blog
  • 2554992The Asset Accounting restriction on single-valuation ledgers.SAP blog
  • 135288The condition technique with multiple valuation approaches in SD.SAP Help 4.6C
  • 31126 · 659590Intercompany billing to the vendor account by EDI; stock transfer and cross-company sales.SAP blog
  • 3191636Universal Parallel Accounting scope information, including group valuation restrictions.SAP blog; SAP Community

ECC to S/4HANA

What changed in multiple valuation with SAP S/4HANA

The idea of three views is twenty-five years old. What changed is where the values are stored, how many currencies they can use, how late you can switch them on and, with Universal Parallel Accounting, whether a view is a column or a ledger.

Brazil

In Brazil the legal view is the one the Receita reads

For a multinational with a Brazilian company code, the legal view in reais is not a formality: it is the cost the income tax accepts and the price the transfer pricing rules test. The group view in the parent’s currency is for the group. Keeping both straight is exactly what multiple valuation is for.

  • Custo integrado

    The integrated cost lives in the legal view

    Under Lucro Real, finished goods and work in process can be valued at the costs of a cost system integrated and coordinated with the books. In SAP, that integrated cost is the legal view in reais, never the group view. SAP developed WIP revaluation in actual costing in 2003 to address Brazilian legislation.

    Sources: BLB, inventory valuation under Lucro Real; SAPinsider, WIP in actual costing
  • Law 14,596/2023

    Arm’s length sets the legal price, not the group view

    Since 1 January 2024 Brazil applies the arm’s length principle to transfer pricing, replacing its old fixed-margin rules, with the 2022 OECD Guidelines as a reference. That law tests the price between related companies, the one SAP posts in the legal view. The group view removes that margin anyway, so a new tax price shifts profit between countries without changing the group’s result.

    Sources: Grant Thornton, transfer pricing in Brazil; EY tax alert
  • Nota fiscal · stock in transit

    Between two Brazilian companies, check the nota fiscal first

    An SAP blog describes intercompany stock in transit between two company codes in Brazil as a custom solution: the standard covers transfers within one company and, with SAP Note 2453291, transfers to another country. The author stresses that the Brazilian movement types must keep the supply chain visible, or cross-company actual costing and intercompany profit analysis stop working.

    Source: SAP blog, nota fiscal for intercompany stock in transit

Documented, but little known

19 tips for users and consultants

Each tip comes from SAP Help, SAP Learning, an SAP KBA, an SAP blog or SAP PRESS, linked under the tip.

Myths

Things people get wrong about multiple valuation

  • MythGroup valuation is just group currency.

    FactCurrency type 30 is the legal value translated into group currency and still contains the internal profit. Type 31 is group currency minus the intercompany profit. Same currency, different value.

  • MythWe can switch group valuation on after go-live.

    FactNot in a productive SAP S/4HANA system with data in ACDOCA (SAP Note 2882025). SAP recommends activating it in ERP before converting; with UPA it is currently greenfield only.

  • MythSAP transfer prices are the tax transfer prices.

    FactTax rules set the legal price between companies, which SAP posts in the legal view. The group and profit center views are management and consolidation values beside it.

  • MythEach view needs its own ledger.

    FactIn classic SAP S/4HANA the default for migrations is one multi-valuation ledger with the views as currency types. Separate ledgers per view are an option, and the approach of Universal Parallel Accounting.

  • MythThe second digit always tells you the view.

    FactOnly for SAP’s delivered types such as 11, 31 or 32. For currency types in the customer namespace the last digit says nothing about the valuation.

  • MythProfit center valuation is only for intercompany flows.

    FactIt also works inside one company code: plant-to-plant transfers at standard cost can get internal revenue and cost of goods sold in the profit center view, as if the plants were separate companies.

  • MythGroup valuation changes what the companies pay each other.

    FactPayables and receivables are always posted at the legal value. The other views send the difference to the valuation clearing account.

  • MythParallel COGM and group valuation are the same thing.

    FactParallel COGM values production under different accounting principles, for example other depreciation and activity rates. Group valuation removes internal profit. According to SAP Note 3191636, parallel COGM cannot be used together with UPA.

Evolution

From transfer prices in R/3 to a ledger per view

Three views since R/3 4.0, then actual costs across companies, then the universal journal and, last, a ledger for each view. Gold dots mark the SAP S/4HANA era.

  1. R/3 4.0Transfer pricesTransfer prices value goods movements in up to three views, and a group costing function calculates the group cost of goods manufactured.
  2. 2003BrazilSAP develops WIP revaluation in actual costing to address Brazilian legislation on actual costs.
  3. EhP5ERP 6.0Business functions for cross-company code stock transfer and actual costing (LOG_MM_SIT) and for parallel cost of goods manufactured (FIN_CO_COGM).
  4. S/4HANAMaterial LedgerThe Material Ledger becomes mandatory and inventory values move into the universal journal.
  5. 1610Actual costingMLDOC and MLDOCCCS replace most periodic actual costing tables.
  6. 1809CurrenciesAll freely definable currencies can be used for operational inventory valuation.
  7. 2022UPAUniversal Parallel Accounting on-premise: group valuation in a single-valuation ledger, with real-time eliminations of intercompany revenue and COGS.
  8. 2023UPAProfit center valuation is supported with Universal Parallel Accounting.
  9. 2024BrazilBrazil applies the arm’s length principle to transfer prices between related companies, under Law 14,596/2023.

Where the views live

ObjectSAP ECCSAP S/4HANA
MLIT · MLPP · MLCRML documents (ECC)ACDOCA, with every currency type
MLKEPHCost component split (ECC)MLDOC and MLDOCCCS for actual costing
CKMLCRPrices per currency typeStill the source of standard price and periodic unit price
LedgersFI currency fields and special purpose ledgersMulti-valuation ledger, or one ledger per view

Sources: SAPinsider, ML actual costing in SAP S/4HANA 1610 and the Material Ledger is required for SAP S/4HANA (2023).

Sources: SAP Help, transfer pricing concepts and group costing; SAPinsider, WIP in actual costing and actual costs across company codes; SAP PRESS, the Material Ledger and actual costing; SAPinsider, ML actual costing in 1610; SAP blog, multiple valuation approaches; SAP blogs on Universal Parallel Accounting; Grant Thornton, transfer pricing in Brazil.

The questions people ask most

What is the difference between group currency and group valuation?

Group currency (30) is the legal value translated into the group’s currency, still including the profit one company made on another. Group valuation (31, or 11 in local currency) removes that intercompany profit, valuing goods at what they really cost the group.

Do I need the Material Ledger for multiple valuations?

Yes. The Material Ledger is the prerequisite for multiple valuation of material stocks, because it keeps a price per view for each material. In SAP ECC it had to be active in every valuation area involved; in SAP S/4HANA it is always active.

Can I activate multiple valuations in a running SAP S/4HANA system?

Not in a productive system that already has data in ACDOCA, according to SAP Note 2882025. SAP recommends introducing the views in ERP and then converting. With Universal Parallel Accounting, group and profit center valuation are currently for greenfield implementations only.

Multi-valuation ledger or one ledger per view?

A multi-valuation ledger keeps every view as extra amount columns in one ledger: one close, a smaller memory footprint, the default for migrations. Single-valuation ledgers give each view its own ledger, with a simpler authorization concept and a separate close. Universal Parallel Accounting uses single-valuation ledgers.

Why does the ledger need 11 and 31, but the material ledger type only 31?

ACDOCA needs the company code and the group currency type of each view, so the ledger carries both. In the material ledger type the view goes in the currency of the profile only, because SAP Notes 2752721 and 2760935 say the pair cannot be processed fully in parallel along the value chain.

Where do I see the three values of a material?

In the Accounting 1 view of the material master once the Material Ledger carries the views, in material price analysis (CKM3N) by choosing the currency and valuation, and in SAP S/4HANA in Manage Material Valuations (F2680) and Display Material Value Chain (F4095).

What is the valuation clearing account for?

Payables and receivables are posted only at the legal value, the amount actually paid. When the stock or revenue has a different value in the group or profit center view, the difference goes to the valuation clearing account defined in 8KEN.

How is the profit center transfer price found?

With the pricing of Profit Center Accounting: condition types, pricing procedures and transfer price variants in 8KEZ. Actual goods movements always use variant 000; SAP delivers TP0001 for fixed prices and TP0002 for percentage markups. Between company codes the prices for both views are defined in SD.

Why do group view variances not show up in CO-PA?

By design: SAP Help states that variances from the group view are not transferred into CO-PA. They remain visible in Cost Object Controlling and in the Material Ledger.

What happens to goods received from a plant outside the costing run?

Actual costs pass only between plants settled in the same CKMLCP run. Receipts from plants outside the run keep the sender’s standard price and standard cost component split. Close the whole chain in one run, or use an alternative valuation run for group reporting.

Can I use profit center valuation inside one company code?

Yes. Plant-to-plant transfers within a company code are legally handled at standard cost, without markup; profit center valuation can add an internal revenue and internal cost of goods sold, as if the plants were separate companies.

Does group valuation replace consolidation?

No. It delivers margin-free stock and cost of goods sold, which make the eliminations easier. With UPA the group valuation ledger can be the source of the Group Reporting preparation ledger, and Group Reporting has its own profit in inventory elimination task.

Can services between profit centers be valued with transfer prices?

No. Transfer prices value goods movements; SAP Help states that activities cannot be valued with multiple valuation approaches.

References

Checked in November 2026. SAP Notes and knowledge base articles need an SAP for Me login. Transaction lists from partner sites can lag behind your release; check names in your own system.